Industries in India Essay

nowadays India is one among the top ten industrial nations of the world. industrial teaching has changed Indias economy from to a lower place- certain status to on a lower floordeveloped status.Industries can be classify into various types on the basis of their structure. The two briny types argon 1) Manufacturing industries including slow and light industries. 2) Sm whole-scale and cottage industries .Manufacturing industries Industries which argon concerned with the processing or conversion of unprocessed materials into finished products ar called manufacturing industries.IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES1) Manufacturing industries increase the subject field income and per capita income. Industrial organic evolution increases the conflict opportunities to a queen-size derive of race and thus increases their income. 2) Industrial instruction solves the problems of un- art and under employment which ar nuzzlely of the major problems of India. 3) Industrial de velopment promotes agricultural development. some(prenominal) industries atomic number 18 agro-based industries. orbit products atomic number 18 blunt materials for these industries. Development of these industries enables agriculture to increase its turnout.4) Industrial development helps to utilise the natural resources, such as mineral resources, water resources, timberland resources and different natural resources. Utilisation of these natural resources helps in the mount up 0f the country. 5) some(prenominal) institutions belonging to the tertiary sector ar also developed as a result of industrial development. e.g. Banking, education, insurance, transport and communication.6) Countries which depend only on agriculture have low standard of living. besides countries which have developed both in agriculture and industries have well balanced economical system.7) Industrialisation helps both the domestic and orthogonal trade of a nation. Many goods, which we produce ar exported to separate countries and help us to earn overseas exchange. It also reduces our dependence on external countries for many goods.8) Generally industries atomic number 18 locate in towns and cities, this enables the towns and cities to become trade and cultural centres.9) Arms and ammunition required for the defence of the country need to be produced in the country itself. We can non depend on new(prenominal) countries for these arms and ammunition. Industries effect tankers, aeroplanes, explosives, guns, bullets and many other defence requirements and thus help to strengthen the defence of the country.10) Increase of industries helps in the increase of income of the government because they pay taxes and duties to thegovernment.Facilities available for industrial development in India1) India has plenty of natural resources the likes of forests, minerals, power resources, water resources etc. which be required for industrial development. 2) India has large human re source, which can provide nickel-and-dime(prenominal) apprehend. The large population of India also provides food market for industrial products. 3) India is an agricultural country. floriculture provides young materials for many industries and agriculture is the chief market for industrial products.Industrial development in IndiaAncient India had make expectant supercharge in industries. Manufacture of cloth, gunny bags, newsprint and other industries were well developed in India. Example Muslin cloth of Dacca, chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold embroidery of Surat. All these goods were manufactured in cottage industries. During the British period all these industries suffered. The industrial policy of the British and the Industrial Revolution in England were the main causes for the decline of our industries. However few modern manufacturing industries were started during the British period.Important among them were a like wool wool fiber framework mill at Bombay in 1854, a Jute mill in Calcutta in 1855 and another cotton textile mill at Ahmedabad. A paper mill was started beside Calcutta in 1867 and smelting of iron ore at Kulti in due west Bengal in 1870. availableness of raw materials and cheapjack labour were responsible for the establishment of these industries. Ourindustrial progress was very slow until the First man War. After the First World War, industries like iron and stigma, chemicals, moolah, cement and machine tools were started. After Independence, our industries make neat progress. The v division Plans were started for all-round economic development and today India occupies an in-chief(postnominal) place in world industrial development.Factors for the location of IndustriesThe factors for the location of industries are availableness of raw materials, power resources, transport and communication facilities, skilled and bungled labour, favourable climate, capital, water resources, market and Government po licy. All these facilities may not be found in one division, but a crew of these factors leads to the location of industries.Industrial regions of IndiaBased on the factors mentioned above, four main industrial regions are found in India. They are,1) West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh2) Maharashtra and Gujarat3) Central Gangetic region4) southeasterly IndiaJharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh region It is also known as Damodar-Hooghli region. The region includes Chotanagpur tableland which has large deposits of minerals like iron ore, coal, manganese, mica and bauxite. Port facilities, power resources and handiness of cheap labour are the other factors.Maharashtra Gujarat region It has extensive cotton ontogenesis areas. There are good transport and port facilities, hydro-electric power, labour ramp and facilities for capital investment. Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Sholapur are noted for cotton manufacture.Central Gangetic region This region produces plenty of raw mate rials required for agro-based industries. The Plain region has made possible for the development of roads and railways. High density of population has provided market and labour supply. south India The industries are spread over many towns and cities of South India. Many types of industries have been developed. Availability of raw materials, hydro-electric power, market and labour force have helped the growth of many industries. Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, capital of Oregon and Hyderabad are the heavy industrial centres.IMPORTANT INDUSTRIESManufacturing industries are divided into two types on the basis of the raw materials that they use. They are1) Agro-based industries2) Mineral-based industries1) AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES The definitive agro-based industries are cotton textiles, jute, sugar and paper.COTTON TEXTILESThe offshoot cotton textile mill on modern lines was started in Bombay in 1854. Later, mills were started at Ahmedabad in 1858, then in Kanpur, Nagpur, Sholapur, Su rat and other places. Today India holds the third place among the cotton textile producing countries of the world. It provides mployment to a large recite of people and also helps to earn foreign exchange. Gujarat and Maharashtra states, lead the country in cotton textile occupation. Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the important centres. Mumbai has the largest number of cotton textile mills. It is the main cotton textile centre in India. Mumbai is called cottonopolis or Manchester of India. (Manchester is the main cotton textile centre in England) The other important centres of cotton textiles are Nagpur and Sholapur in Maharashtra, Kolkata in West Bengal, Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Surat in Gujarat, Salem, Coimbatore and Chennai in Tamilnadu, Bangalore and Davangere in Karnataka and Delhi. Handloom painsHandloom manufacture is concentrated in Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. In upstart classs off-the-rack cotton garment industry has been d eveloping fast and earns a good amount of foreign exchange. Cotton textiles and ready-made garments are exported from India to foreign markets. Europe,the U.S.A., and many countries of Africa and Australia are our main markets. Rough cotton cloth and cotton thread are exported to Myanmar, Middle East, Thailand and other countries.Jute industryJute industry occupies an important place in the industrial progress of India. It has provided employment to about 25 lakh workers. India produces 35 % of the total jute products of the world. Its share in earning foreign exchange is also important. The starting line jute mill was started at Rishra near Kolkata in 1855. Being an export oriented industry, it grew very fast. The partition of India strike a heavy blow to the jute industry. Most of the jute mills remained in India and the jute growing areas went to East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Now attempts have been made to grow jute in the Gangetic delta of West Bengal, in Assam, Uttar Pradesh, B ihar and Orissa. Jute mills are largely concentrated in begin Hooghly basin. The main reasons for this concentration are availability of raw jute, fresh water, cheap water transport, power resources, cheap labour, capital and port facilities. In recent years, jute mills have also been fit(p) in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The main jute products are gunny bags, jute cloth, tarpaulins, ropes and cordages (required for cable industry). India exports jute products to the U.S.A Britain, Canada, Argentina and Russia.Sugar Industry Sugar has been utilize in India since a very long metre. India produces White sugar, Khandsari and Gur or Jaggery. It provides employment to about 2.5 lakh people in India and also earns foreign exchange. recent sugar mills were started in 1931. Sugarcane, which is the raw material for sugar industry, is a perishable and weight losing raw material. The Sugar factories are located wheresoever sugarcane is grown. Sugar fac tories are concentrated in the Gangetic plain (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). The other states where sugar factories are found are Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The sugarcane of Peninsular India yields more(prenominal) sugar than the North Indian sugarcane. There are 37 sugar factories in Karnataka. The districts of Mandya, Belgaum and Bellary have a large number of sugar factories. Gorakhpur districts of Uttar Pradesh hasthe largest number of sugar mills and is called Java of India. India exports sugar to the U.S.A, Britain, Iran, Malaysia and Canada. melodic theme IndustryPaper manufacturing had been carried on in India as a cottage industry since past times. As a manufacturing industry it was first started in 1867 at flaming(prenominal) near Kolkata. There were only 15 paper mills in advance independence. Softwood, bamboo, sabai grass, straw, bagasse, soft water and chemicals are the raw materials required for paper industry. owe to very lim ited forest as raw materials. The chemicals required for paper industry are caustic soda, soda ash, sodium sulphate, chlorine and sulfuric acid. West Bengal has the largest number of paper mills in India. The reasons for it are, availability of raw materials, coal and electricity, abundant supply of soft water, supply of capital and availability of cheap labour. The important centres are Kolkata, Titagarh, Raniganj and Kakinada. In Karnataka the paper mills are located at Dandeli, Bhadravathi, Mandya etc. Nepanagar in Madhya Pradesh is an important producer of newsprint. The production of paper in India is not sufficient to meet the demand, so large quantities of paper are imported from other countries.MINERAL- BASED INDUSTRIESThe important mineral-based industries of India are iron and make, heavy engineering and machinery, machine tools,transport equipment, chemicals, chemical fertilizers and cement industries. weightlift and steel industryIndians knew the art of smelting iron o re since early times. Modern steel industry was first started at Kulti in West Bengal in 1874. But the real beginning of crusade and Steel industry was made in 1907 at Jamshedpur in Bihar (present Jharkhand) by the Tatas, called Tata branding iron and Steel conjunction (TISCO). once more in 1919 a steel plant was set up at Burnpur in West Bengal called Indian Iron and Steel Company (ISCO) and at Bhadravathi in Karnataka in 1923 called Mysore Iron and Steel Company (MISCO). Now it is called Vishweswaraiah Iron and Steel Company (VISCO). After Independence during the Second Five Year Plan period, iii big Iron and Steel plants were establish at Bhilai in Madhya Pradesh (now in Chhattisgarh) Rourkela in Orissa and Durgapur in West Bengal. During the Third Five Year Plan, a very big steel plant was established at Bokaro in Bihar ( now in Jharkhand).The fourth five year plan proposed to start three more steel plants at Salem, Vijayanagar and Vishakhapatnam. The Salem and Vishakhapatnam steel plants have started production but Vijayanagar steel plant was entrusted to the offstage sector and production is in the beginning stage. Tata Iron and Steel Company and Vijayanagar steel plant are under the private sector. The others are under the public sector. To encourage and extend iron and steel industry under both private and public sectors, Steel Authority of India was established in 1973. All the raw materials required for iron and steel industry like iron ore, manganese, limestone and coal are bulky and weight-losing. So this industry is located near the regions where the raw materials are found in abundance. The finished products are also heavy and need good transport system for their distribution. Iron and steel industry is concentrated around the Chotanagpur plateau which is rich in virtually of the raw materials required and therefore Chotanagpur plateau is called the Rhur of India. (Rhur region in Germany is noted for iron and steel industry). India exports a large quantity of steel and cast iron to Britain, the U.S.A and Japan.Engineering IndustryThere was a time when we were mutually beneficial on other countries for various types of engineering goods. Since Independence great progress has been achieved in this field and now we manufacture machinery required to manufacture goods. A heavy engineering plant is established at Ranchi in Jharkhand, which manufactures various machines required by us and also machinery for export. Hindustan Machine Tools at Bangalore manufactures a wide variety of machine tools and tractors. Machines required to manufacture cement and chemicals are manufactured at Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.Heavy electrical equipment industryIndia produces many types of electrical equipment. Heavy electrical motors, transformers, water cycles/seconds, electric fans etc., are manufactured at Bhopal, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Tiruchinapalli and otherplaces. Bharat HeavyElectricals Limited (BHEL) has set up its plants at di fferentplaces. One such plant is in Bangalore. Transport and equipment IndustryIndia has made good progress in this industry also. It is engaged in the production of automobiles, railway engines, railway coaches, railway wheels and axles and ravishs. Chittaranjan in West Bengal manufactures electrical and diesel engine locomotives, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh produces diesel locomotives, Perambur near Chennai produces railway coaches. Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi, Vishakahpatnam and Marmagoa are the major ship building centres. Aircraft industry has been developed at Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kanpur. Maruthi Udyog near Delhi produces motor cars. Kolkata(West Bengal), Jamshedpur(Jharkhand), Hosur in Tamllnadu (Leyland) and Bangalore in Karnataka (Volvo) are noted for the manufacture of motor vehicles. The railway wheel and axle plant is at Yelhanka near Bangalore. chemic IndustryMany chemicals are required for the production of rayon, rubber, paper, glass, soap, chemical fertilizers and inse cticides. Except for sulphur, the other raw materials are available in India for the production of chemicals. After Independence great progress has been made in this direction. At present, there are more than three century chemical factories spread all over India. Mumbai, Kolkata, Kanpur, Bangalore, Chennai and Ahmedabad are the important centres of this industry. Sulphuric acid, caustic soda, soda ash, bleaching powder and soaps are produced in our country.Chemical fertilizer industryChemical fertilizers are very essential to better the fertility of the soil and to increase the production in agriculture. India being a predominantly an agricultural nation, production of chemical fertilizers is necessary. Complex fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulphate and nitrates are produced in India. The bi-products of coal, and oil refineries are employ as raw materials in this industry. Now natural gas is also use as a raw material. The first chemical fertilizer factory in India was started at Belagola near Mysore (Mysore fertilizers). The next factory was started at Travancore (Alwaye) in Kerala called Fertilizer and Chemicals Travancore Ltd. (FACTS).Now there are more than one hundred fertilizer factories under both public and private sectors. Some of the important fertilizer factories under the public sector are at Sindri (Jharkhand), Nangal (Punjab), Trombay (Maharashtra), Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh). Rourkela (Orissa), Neyveli (Tamilnadu), Durgapur (West Bengal), Kochi (Kerala) and Mangalore (Karnataka). though the production of fertilizers has increased over the past few years, still it is not sufficient and we import fertilizers from other countries. cement Industrycementum is the most essential commodity for spin work after iron and steel. For the construction of buildings, roads, river valley projects, bridges etc., cement is very necessary along with iron. That is why the consumption of cement is the index for the rate of development of a country. The first ce ment factory was set up at Chennai in 1904. It used seashells as raw material. Now limestone, coal and gypsum are the main raw materials. As the raw materials are heavy, the cement factories are generally located close to the source of raw materials. Cement factories are located all over India, because the raw materials are available throughout the country. There are about 150 cement factories in India. Most of the cement factories are in Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Most of the factories are under the private sector. In Karnataka, Associated Cement Company near Gulbarga, Mysore Cement Company in Bhadravathi, Diamond Cement factory at Ammasandra near Tumkur are important. India is self sufficient in cement production. We also export cement to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Iran etc.EFFECTS OF industrial DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAYou have already studied that India has made industrial progress. This development has resulte d in some good and bad effects.Good effects Industrialisation has changed India into a developing nation and to-day India is one of the ten industrially advanced nations of the World. Industrialisation has increased production through the utilization of unwarranted natural resources. It has reduced to some extent the population thatwould have been dependent on agriculture. The industrial centres have become the centres of education, culture and trade. Industrialisation has enabled us to become selfreliantwith regard to many goods for which we were depending on other countries earlier. It has affected our foreign trade also and we are able to export many goods to other countries. Import of many goods has been stopped or reduced. The National Income and per capita income has increased. We have achieved development in the field of technology also. There is great progress in the field of Banking, Transport and Communication and Insurance. The foreign countries are wined and they are drop their capital in our industries. The non-resident Indians are also investing capital and because the investment of capital has considerably increased.Bad effects The industrial centres attract population from rural areas and the density of population has increased in industrial centres. Lack of housing facilities has created many slums. The slum dwellers are suffering from leave out of healthfacilities, housing, sanitation and water. The slums have become the centres of many anti-social activities. Recently in close all the states, the Slum Development Boards have been set up to break the conditions of slum dwellers. Excessive use of Technology and Computers in industries, has resulted in the remotion of workers and this has become a big problem. There is a fear that the foreign capital investment may result in the economic victimization of the country